Aquaporin 4 Monoclonal Antibody Review

Aquaporin-4, also known as AQP4, is a water channel protein encoded by the AQP4 gene in humans. AQP4 belongs to the aquaporin family of integral membrane proteins that conduct water through the cell membrane. Only limited aquaporins are found within the CNS: AQP1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, and 11, but only AQP1, 4, and 9 are exclusively found in the brain and spinal cord. Focusing on AQP4, which has the most water channels in the CNS, are specifically located at the perimicrovessel astrocyte foot processes, glia limitans, and ependyma. Aquaporin-4 was first discovered in 1986, it was the first evidence for the existence of water transport channels.

Abbkine Aquaporin 4 Monoclonal Antibody was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. The isotype is Mouse IgG1. The antibody is suitable for WB, IF and staining Aquaporin 4 in IHC using paraffin embedded sections. It can react with Human, Mouse and Rat. Abbkine suggested optimal working dilutions should be determined experimentally by the investigator.

Immunohistochemical analysis of Human liver cancer tissue, labelling Aquaporin 4 with Abbkine Aquaporin 4 Monoclonal Antibody , diluted 1/200. Shows strong membranous staining of tubular epithelial cells. Finally, the customer service was superb. This was especially appreciated given that I am in Japan and they are in China.

Abbkine announces the release of its new antibody - IPKine™ HRP Goat Anti-Mouse IgG HCS

Wuhan, China. 430074. 26^th April 2017. Abbkine Scientific is no doubt one of the world’s leading scientific research companies and the institution recently announced the addition of another antibody into the IPKine family. The IPKine™ HRP Goat Anti-Mouse IgG HCS is an HRP Secondary Antibody designed to help researchers and scientists get the best out of their works without necessarily breaking the bank.

The Anti-Mouse Heavy Chain comes in a liquid solution with such features as heavy chain/Fc fragment specific optimization, helping to eliminate light chain interference. Its absorption of serum proteins also helps to minimize cross-reactivity with immunoglobulins from other species, which are some of its unique features.

The antibody reacts with Fc portion of mouse IgG heavy chain, while it doesn’t react with the Fab portion of mouse IgG. It's cross-reaction with human, bovine and horse serum proteins has been specialized minimized, while it may cross-react with immunoglobulins from other species. It has no reactivity on non-immunoglobulin serum proteins.

With its host being the goat, the antibody’s applications include WB, IP and others, hence a co-IP. For optimal working conditions, the dilutions should be determined by the investigator through experiment. However, the suggested solutions are WB 1:10,000-1:100,000, IHC 1:500-1:5,000 and ELISA 1:5,000-1:100,000.

The IPKine™ HRP Goat Anti-Mouse IgG HCS can be stored for as long as one year from the shipment date at a stable -20°C. However, the product is specifically designed for research use only and should not be used for clinical diagnosis or human use.

About Abbkine Scientific

Abbkine Scientific Company Limited is a life science research company headquartered in California. Founded in 2012, the establishment has been able to spread its tentacles across the globe with increasing presence and acceptance from Asia Pacific thanks to its continuous efforts to make the world a better place.

Abbkine combines cutting edge technology with manufacturing engineering and cost advantage to provide innovative, high-quality assay kits and other research and scientific products enhance life science fundamental research and drug discovery amongst others.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen Monoclonal Antibody Review

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) describes a set of highly related glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion. CEA is normally produced in gastrointestinal tissue during fetal development, but the production stops before birth. Therefore, CEA is usually present only at very low levels in the blood of healthy adults. However, the serum levels are raised in some types of cancer, which means that it can be used as a tumor marker in clinical tests. Serum levels can also be elevated in heavy smokers. Regions of high CEA levels in the body can be detected with the monoclonal antibody.

Abbkine Carcinoembryonic Antigen Monoclonal Antibody is produced to detect endogenous total CEA proteins. The antibody was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. It reacts with human samples and the specific applications are IF and IHC-p. Abbkine suggested the starting dilutions are as follows: IF: 1:200, IHC-p: 1:200.

Antibodies to CEA are commonly used in immunofluorescence to identify cells expressing the glycoprotein in tissue samples. In adults, CEA is primarily expressed in cells of tumors. Abbkine Carcinoembryonic Antigen Monoclonal Antibody was used as primary antibody to detect CEA level in human lung cancer tissue with IF analysis. We got the right signal. The result is satisfactory. In the follow-up study, we will, as always, use Abbkine’s products.

PurKine™ Protein AT Resin 4FF is the latest addition to the Abbkine Scientific family

Wuhan, China. 430074. 22^th April 2017. Abbkine Scientific is known for its prowess in scientific research and the outfit recently announced the launch of another amazing product, PurKine™ Protein AT Resin 4FF, designed for optimal purification of antibodies.

Otherwise known as Protein A  (Alkaline tolerate) Resin, Antibody Purification product comes in a liquid solution made up of 50% slurry in 20% ethanol. The resin unlike its peers, consists of 90μm beads of cross-linked 4% agarose, with features that make the performance surpass other renowned Recombinant protein A resins.

Unlike other resins, the Protein A Alkaline Tolerate Resin has also been discovered to maintain its optimal functionality even after several uses. This is in addition to its high flow features that make it an excellent choice for scientists that intend scaling up.

Some of the other unique attributes and benefits of the AT resin include high capacity with more than 40mg human lgG per mL of resin making it one of the most effective humanized mAb, cost-effectiveness with no performance decrease after several usages, and flexibility from being available in multiple formats. The most important is Alkali-tolerant rProtein A ligand withstands rigorous Clean-in-place(CIP) and sanitization procedures with 0.1 to 0.5 M NaOH. The medium load is almost unchanged after hundreds of CIP.

The Recombinant protein A (Alkaline tolerate) resin is made for research use only and is available as pre-packed spin column and kit formats.

About Abbkine Scientific

Abbkine Scientific Company Limited is a life science research company headquartered in California. Founded in 2012, the establishment has been able to spread its tentacles across the globe with increasing presence and acceptance from Asia Pacific thanks to its continuous efforts to make the world a better place.

Abbkine combines cutting edge technology with manufacturing engineering and cost advantage to provide innovative, high-quality assay kits and other research and scientific products enhance life science fundamental research and drug discovery amongst others.

Weekly Top Scientific Research Review (17/4/2017 – 21/4/2017)

A new week again! What is the progress of your research this week? Anyway, be relax, and read the latest research report with us.

1. Assembly of embryonic and extraembryonic stem cells to mimic embryogenesis in vitro.

Mammalian embryogenesis requires intricate interactions between embryonic and extraembryonic tissues to orchestrate and coordinate morphogenesis with changes in developmental potential. Here, Sarah Ellys Harrison at University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience in Cambridge, UK and her colleagues combined mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and extraembryonic trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) in a three-dimensional scaffold to generate structures whose morphogenesis is markedly similar to that of natural embryos. By using genetically modified stem cells and specific inhibitors, the team show that embryogenesis of ESC- and TSC-derived embryos—ETS-embryos—depends on cross-talk involving Nodal signaling. When ETS-embryos develop, they spontaneously initiate expression of mesoderm and primordial germ cell markers asymmetrically on the embryonic and extraembryonic border, in response to Wnt and BMP signaling. Their study demonstrates the ability of distinct stem cell types to self-assemble in vitro to generate embryos whose morphogenesis, architecture, and constituent cell types resemble those of natural embryos.

Read more, please click http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6334/eaal1810

2. A murine preclinical syngeneic transplantation model for breast cancer precision medicine.

Lorenzo Federico at Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, USA and his colleagues previously demonstrated that altered activity of lysophosphatidic acid in murine mammary glands promotes tumorigenesis. They have now established and characterized a heterogeneous collection of mouse-derived syngeneic transplants (MDSTs) as preclinical platforms for the assessment of personalized pharmacological therapies. Detailed molecular and phenotypic analyses revealed that MDSTs are the most heterogeneous group of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of breast cancer yet observed. Response of MDSTs to trametinib, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase inhibitor, correlated with RAS/MAPK signaling activity, as expected from studies in xenografts and clinical trials providing validation of the utility of the model. Sensitivity of MDSTs to talazoparib, a poly(adenosine 5′-diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, was predicted by PARP1 protein levels and by a new PARP sensitivity predictor (PSP) score developed from integrated analysis of drug sensitivity data of human cell lines. PSP score–based classification of The Cancer Genome Atlas breast cancer suggested that a subset of patients with limited therapeutic options would be expected to benefit from PARP-targeted drugs. These results indicate that MDSTs are useful models for studies of targeted therapies, and propose novel potential biomarkers for identification of breast cancer patients likely to benefit from personalized pharmacological treatments.

Read more, please click http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/4/e1600957

3. CRISPR-Cpf1 correction of muscular dystrophy mutations in human cardiomyocytes and mice.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), caused by mutations in the X-linked dystrophin gene (DMD), is characterized by fatal degeneration of striated muscles. Dilated cardiomyopathy is one of the most common lethal features of the disease. Yu Zhang at Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, USA and his colleagues deployed Cpf1, a unique class 2 CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) effector, to correct DMD mutations in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mdx mice, an animal model of DMD. Cpf1-mediated genomic editing of human iPSCs, either by skipping of an out-of-frame DMD exon or by correcting a nonsense mutation, restored dystrophin expression after differentiation to cardiomyocytes and enhanced contractile function. Similarly, pathophysiological hallmarks of muscular dystrophy were corrected in mdx mice following Cpf1-mediated germline editing. These findings are the first to show the efficiency of Cpf1-mediated correction of genetic mutations in human cells and an animal disease model and represent a significant step toward therapeutic translation of gene editing for correction of DMD.

Read more, please click http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/4/e1602814

4. The kinase TPL2 activates ERK and p38 signaling to promote neutrophilic inflammation.

Tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2; also known as MAP3K8) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase (MAP3K) that phosphorylates the MAPK kinases MEK1 and MEK2 (MEK1/2), which, in turn, activate the MAPKs extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 (ERK1/2) in macrophages stimulated through the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), or the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR). Kate Senger at Genentech Research, Genentech Inc. in South San Francisco, USA and his colleagues describe a conserved and critical role for TPL2 in mediating the effector functions of neutrophils through the activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Gene expression profiling and functional studies of neutrophils and monocytes revealed a MEK1/2-independent branch point downstream of TPL2 in neutrophils. Biochemical analyses identified the MAPK kinases MEK3 and MEK6 and the MAPKs p38α and p38δ as downstream effectors of TPL2 in these cells. Genetic ablation of the catalytic activity of TPL2 or therapeutic intervention with a TPL2-specific inhibitor reduced the production of inflammatory mediators by neutrophils in response to stimulation with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro, as well as in rodent models of inflammatory disease. Together, these data suggest that TPL2 is a drug target that activates not only MEK1/2-dependent but also MEK3/6-dependent signaling to promote inflammatory responses.

Read more, please click http://stke.sciencemag.org/content/10/475/eaah4273

5. Improving genetic diagnosis in Mendelian disease with transcriptome sequencing.

Exome and whole-genome sequencing are becoming increasingly routine approaches in Mendelian disease diagnosis. Despite their success, the current diagnostic rate for genomic analyses across a variety of rare diseases is approximately 25 to 50%. Beryl B. Cummings at Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, USA and his colleagues explore the utility of transcriptome sequencing [RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)] as a complementary diagnostic tool in a cohort of 50 patients with genetically undiagnosed rare muscle disorders. The team describe an integrated approach to analyze patient muscle RNA-seq, leveraging an analysis framework focused on the detection of transcript-level changes that are unique to the patient compared to more than 180 control skeletal muscle samples. They demonstrate the power of RNA-seq to validate candidate splice-disrupting mutations and to identify splice-altering variants in both exonic and deep intronic regions, yielding an overall diagnosis rate of 35%. They also report the discovery of a highly recurrent de novo intronic mutation in COL6A1 that results in a dominantly acting splice-gain event, disrupting the critical glycine repeat motif of the triple helical domain. They identify this pathogenic variant in a total of 27 genetically unsolved patients in an external collagen VI–like dystrophy cohort, thus explaining approximately 25% of patients clinically suggestive of having collagen VI dystrophy in whom prior genetic analysis is negative. Overall, this study represents a large systematic application of transcriptome sequencing to rare disease diagnosis and highlights its utility for the detection and interpretation of variants missed by current standard diagnostic approaches.

Read more, please click http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/9/386/eaal5209

GFAP Monoclonal Antibody Review

The cytoskeleton consists of three types of cytosolic fibers: microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Major types of intermediate filaments are specifically expressed in particular cell types: cytokeratins in epithelial cells, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in glial cells, desmin in skeletal, visceral, and certain vascular smooth muscle cells, vimentin in cells of mesenchymal origin, and neurofilaments in neurons. GFAP and vimentin form intermediate filaments in astroglial cells and modulate their motility and shape. In particular, vimentin filaments are present at early developmental stages, while GFAP filaments are characteristic of differentiated and mature brain astrocytes.

Abbkine GFAP Monoclonal Antibody was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. The antibody detects endogenous levels of total GFAP proteins. It reacts with Human, Mouse and Rat. The tested applications are WB, IF and IHC-p. Supplied as liquid solution, the concentration of the antibody is 1 mg/ml.

GFAP is commonly used as a marker for intracranial and intraspinal tumors arising from astrocytes. In addition, GFAP intermediate filaments are also present in nonmyelin-forming Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Abbkine GFAP Monoclonal Antibody as primary antibody was applied in IHC-p of human brain sections. Astrocytes are clearly and strongly labelled. The result is convincing.

CDX2 Monoclonal Antibody Review

CDX2, a homeobox domain-containing transcription factor, is a master regulator of the trophoectoderm, the layer that gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues in mammalian development. CDX2 is also involved in intestinal development, and gain of expression or loss of expression has been associated with various human malignancies such as Barret Esophagus and colorectal cancer. Mouse embryonic stem cells deficient in CDX2 display limited hematopoietic progenitor development and altered Hox gene expression, pointing to a role for CDX2 in Hox gene regulation. CDX2 is also implicated in the aberrant expression of Hox genes in human AML cell lines.

Abbkine CDX2 Monoclonal Antibody was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. The antibody detects endogenous levels of total CDX2 protein. Species reactivity of this antibody is human, mouse and rat. Test confirmed the antibody is suitable for WB, IF and IHC-p. The isotype is Mouse IgG1.

Abbkine CDX2 Monoclonal Antibody staining CDX2 in Human colon tissue sections by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P – paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections). Tissue was fixed with paraformaldehyde and blocked with 5% BSA for 1 hours at 25°C; antigen retrieval was by heat mediation. Samples were incubated with primary antibody (1/200 in PBS containing 5% BSA) for overnight at 4°C. An HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG polyclonal was used as the secondary antibody. The image is shown in the left. The signal was very strong and clear.

Anti-GST Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (2A8) is another scientific breakthrough from Abbkine Scientific

Wuhan, China. 430074. 17^th April 2017. Abbkine Scientific has been known for its scientific breakthroughs with the release of different scientific and research kits. The Anti-GST Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (2A8) is another of the company’s breakthrough, as the antibody is not only helpful in detecting the fusion protein during purification, but also the detection of the cleavage of GST from the protein of interest.

Also known as Glutathione S Transferase antibody, the antibody belongs to the family of enzymes are composed of many cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal proteins, with several applications including research on GST proteins or GST fusion recombinant proteins.

The GST Tag antibody is monoclonal and has a suggested starting solution of WB 1:5000 and is affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. Available in a liquid solution, the antibody can be stored under stable condition of -20°C from date of shipment, in gel pack with blue ice.

The product is not to be used for human or clinical diagnosis as it is particularly made for research purpose.

About Abbkine Scientific

Abbkine Scientific Company Limited is a life science research company headquartered in California. Founded in 2012, the establishment has been able to spread its tentacles across the globe with increasing presence and acceptance from Asia Pacific thanks to its continuous efforts to make the world a better place.

Abbkine combines cutting edge technology with manufacturing engineering and cost advantage to provide innovative, high-quality assay kits and other research and scientific products enhance life science fundamental research and drug discovery amongst others.

Weekly Top Scientific Research Review (10/4/2017 – 14/4/2017)

Gene regulatory dynamics, CRTCs and Age-Related Disease Risk, Macrophage Immunometabolism, Antibody Glycosylation, cancer immunotherapy, which topic catches your eye?

1. Imaging Translational and Post-Translational Gene Regulatory Dynamics in Living Cells with Antibody-Based Probes.

Antibody derivatives, such as antibody fragments (Fabs) and single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), are now being used to image traditionally hard-to-see protein subpopulations, including nascent polypeptides being translated and post-translationally modified proteins. This has allowed researchers to directly image and quantify, for the first time, translation initiation and elongation kinetics with single-transcript resolution and the temporal ordering and kinetics of post-translational histone and RNA polymerase II modifications. Here, Kenneth Lyon at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, USA and his colleagues review these developments and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of live-cell imaging with antibody-based probes. Further development of these probes will increase their versatility and open new avenues of research for dissecting complex gene regulatory dynamics.

Fabs and scFvs are useful live-cell imaging probes. Fabs and scFvs can bring preformed fluorescence to unfolded or modified peptides in living cells, unlike standard fluorescent protein fusion tags. Fabs need to be loaded into cells to image protein dynamics; scFvs can be genetically expressed. Fabs and scFvs have recently been used to image and quantify single-mRNA translation kinetics in living cells, yielding consistent estimates of average initiation and elongation rates. Fabs and scFvs have recently been used to image and quantify post-translation modifications to histones and RNA polymerase II in living cells, revealing their spatiotemporal co-regulation. For imaging translation, probes should outnumber targets; for imaging endogenous post-translational modifications, targets should outnumber probes.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/trends/genetics/fulltext/S0168-9525(17)30034-3

2. Deregulation of CRTCs in Aging and Age-Related Disease Risk.

Advances in public health in the past century have seen a sharp increase in human life expectancy. With these changes have come an increased prevalence of age-related pathologies and health burdens in the elderly. Patient age is the biggest risk factor for multiple chronic conditions that often occur simultaneously within a single individual. An alternative to disease-centric therapeutic approaches is that of ‘geroscience’, which aims to define molecular mechanisms that link age to overall disease risk. One such mechanism is deregulation of CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivators (CRTCs). Initially identified for their role in modulating CREB transcription, the past 5 years has seen an expansion in knowledge of new cellular regulators and roles of CRTCs beyond CREB. CRTCs have been shown to modulate organismal aging in Caenorhabditis elegans and to impact on age-related diseases in humans. Caroline C. Escoubas at Harvard University in Boston, USA and her colleagues discuss CRTC deregulation as a new driver of aging that integrates the link between age and disease risk.

Novel cellular regulators and targets of the CRTC family have recently been identified. In C. elegans CRTCs have been shown to modulate aging. Recently CRTC dysfunction has been associated with age-related human diseases. CRTCs could provide a target for healthy human aging.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/trends/genetics/fulltext/S0168-9525(17)30036-7

3. Macrophage Immunometabolism: Where Are We (Going)?

A growing number of findings highlight the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage activation. Metabolic pathways are closely interconnected and recent literature demonstrates the need for glucose metabolism in anti-inflammatory as well as inflammatory macrophages. Moreover, fatty acid oxidation (FAO) not only supports anti-inflammatory responses as described formerly but also drives inflammasome activation in inflammatory macrophages. Hence, defining glycolysis as proinflammatory and FAO as anti-inflammatory may be an oversimplification. Here Jan Van den Bossche at Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam in Amsterdam, the Netherlands and his colleagues review how the rapid growth of the immunometabolism field has improved our understanding of macrophage activation and at the same time has led to an increase in the appearance of contradictory observations. To conclude they discuss current challenges in immunometabolism and present crucial areas for future research.

Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages plays a predominant role in regulating their phenotype but also their plasticity. Metabolic repurposing of mitochondria is key to the regulation of proinflammatory responses including the expression of pro-IL-1β and the generation of reactive oxygen species via reverse electron transport. In vivo macrophages are subject to a plethora of stimuli that often do not fully fit in the binary M1/M2 frame. Moreover, nutrient competition adds an extra layer of complexity to their functional regulation. The differences between human and mouse macrophages remain in the process of being elucidated. The inability of human macrophages to produce nitric oxide in vitro, unlike murine macrophages, introduces the possibility of differential metabolic reprogramming between the two cell types.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/trends/immunology/fulltext/S1471-4906(17)30042-X

4. The Immunoregulatory Roles of Antibody Glycosylation.

Beyond their role in neutralization, antibodies mediate functions such as phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Two modifications to the constant domain control antibody activity: theirreversible genomic selection of isotype/subclass and alterations in glycosylation. Because glycosylation alters the affinity of antibodies for Fc receptors, evidence suggests that glycosylation is a central mechanism for the immune system to tune a broad range of biological activities. While monoclonal therapeutics have exploited glycosylation to improve function, its in vivo control and whether it may be selectively harnessed to target pathogens and/or tumors isunknown. Here, Madeleine F. Jennewein at Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard in Cambridge, USA and his colleagues review the process of antibody glycosylation, how it changes with disease, how it impacts antibody functionality, and the potential for deliberately controlling this biological activity.

Antibody glycosylation defines the functional potential of the antibody by delineating the structure of the antibody Fc region and determining which Fc receptors it can bind to in order to recruit effector cells. The effector functions that antibodies mediate, including cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, are critical for protection against and prevention of many diseases. Antibody glycosylation has been harnessed to improve the efficacy of monoclonal therapeutics. Antibody glycosylation can be modulated by vaccination, indicating that rational immunogen design could seek to elicit a specific antibody glycosylation response.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/trends/immunology/fulltext/S1471-4906(17)30027-3

5. Connecting the Metabolic and Immune Responses to Cancer.

Separate research fields have advanced our understanding of, on the one hand, cancer immunology and, on the other hand, cachexia, the fatal tumor-induced wasting syndrome. A link between the host’s immune and metabolic responses to cancer remained unexplored. Emerging work in preclinical models of colorectal and pancreatic cancer has unveiled tumor-induced reprogramming of liver metabolism in cachexia that leads to suppression of antitumor immunity and failure of immunotherapy. As research efforts in metabolism and immunology in cancer are rapidly expanding, it is timely to discuss the metabolic and immunological determinants of the cancer-host interaction. Thomas R. Flint at School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge in Cambridge, UK and his colleagues also present the hypothesis that the convergence of host metabolism and antitumor immunity may offer a platform for biomarker-driven investigations of new combination therapies.

The scope of cancer research is expanding to include the molecular circuitry of both cancer cells and non-cancer cells, as well as non-tumor tissues of the cancer host. The current generation of immune therapies target cells of the cancer host. These therapies achieve durable remissions of advanced cancers, but the majority of patient subsets remain unresponsive. Tumors affect their hosts’ metabolism, often leading to the lethal wasting syndrome, cachexia. In recent years, the biology of cachexia has become an increasingly active field of mechanistic research, but still defies a unifying explanation. Preclinical studies have now connected the host’s metabolic and immune responses to cancer. Tumors reprogram the normal metabolic response to caloric deficiency in cachexia, leading to suppression of the antitumor immune reaction.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/trends/molecular-medicine/fulltext/S1471-4914(17)30039-4

Abbkine Scientific’s new antibody aids easier and more effective IP and co-IP research

Wuhan, China. 430074. 13^th April 2017. IPKine™ HRP, Goat Anti-Mouse IgG LCS is the latest HRP Secondary Antibody from the scientific research giant, Abbkine Scientific. The product is released as part of the Abbkine's IPKine™ series designed to aid the process of research and enhance accuracy in results.

The Anti-Mouse Light Chain immunogen antibody is available in liquid solution, with mouse reactivity. The secondary antibody is made to be perfect for different applications which include Western Blot, IP and co-IP.

The antibody is made under strict quality control process, using a unique purification method. IPKine™ HRP, Goat Anti-Mouse IgG LCS, is affinity purified with over 95% based on SDS-PAGE using solid phase Mouse IgG light chain.

Sourced from goat, the antibody does not react with the heavy chain of mouse IgG, while reacting with kappa light chains on mouse IgG. Unlike other antibodies, the IPKine™ HRP, Goat Anti-Mouse IgG LCS does not suffer from heavy or light chain blotting contamination, thanks to less background noise and enhanced accuracy. Its light fragment specific optimization also helps to eliminate heavy chain interference as the case may be.

IPKine™ HRP, Goat Anti-Mouse IgG LCS is specifically made for research purpose only and should not be administered on human or used for clinical diagnosis.

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About Abbkine Scientific

Abbkine Scientific Company Limited is a life science research company headquartered in California. Founded in 2012, the establishment has been able to spread its tentacles across the globe with increasing presence and acceptance from Asia Pacific thanks to its continuous efforts to make the world a better place.

Abbkine combines cutting edge technology with manufacturing engineering and cost advantage to provide innovative, high-quality assay kits and other research and scientific products enhance life science fundamental research and drug discovery amongst others.

CK16 Monoclonal Antibody Review

Keratin 16 is a protein that in human is encoded by the KRT16 gene. Keratin 16 is a type I cytokeratin. It is paired with keratin 6 in a number of epithelial tissues, including nail bed, esophagus, tongue, and hair follicles. Mutations in the gene encoding this protein are associated with the genetic skin disorders pachyonychia congenita, non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma and unilateral palmoplantar verrucous nevus.

Abbkine CK16 Monoclonal Antibody was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. The antibody detects endogenous levels of total Cytokeratin 16 protein. It reacts with  Human, Mouse and Rat. Test confirmed this antibody was suitable for IF and IHC-p. Abbkine suggested starting dilutions are as follows: IF: 1:200, IHC-p: 1:200. The isotype is Mouse IgG1.

Abbkine CK16 Monoclonal Antibody stained Rat liver tissue sections. The tissue sections were then incubated with the antibody (ABM40056, diluted at 1:200) overnight at 4°C. IFKine™ Orange Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG was used as secondary antibody at a 1/1000 dilution for 1h at room temperature. DAPI was used to stain the cell nuclei (blue). The signal produced was very strong and clear. The sensitivity of the antibody was also perfect.

CK8 Monoclonal Antibody Review

Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 8 also known as cytokeratin-8 (CK-8) or keratin-8 (K8) is a keratin protein that is encoded in humans by the KRT8 gene. It is often paired with keratin 18. Keratin 8 is often used together with keratin 18 and keratin 19 to differentiate cells of epithelial origin from hematopoietic cells in tests that enumerate circulating tumor cells in blood. Antibodies to CK8 can be used to differentiate lobular carcinoma of the breast from ductal carcinoma of the breast.In normal tissue, it reacts mainly with secretory epithelia, but not with squamous epithelium, such as that found in the skin, cervix, and esophagus.

Abbkine CK8 Monoclonal Antibody is a high quality mouse monoclonal recommended for detecting endogenous Cytokeratin 8 of mouse, rat and human origin by WB, IF and IHC-P. The isotype is mouse IgG1. Thesuggested starting dilutions by abbkine are: WB: 1:2000-5000, IF: 1:100-200 and IHC-p: 1:200. Optimal working dilutions should be determined experimentally by the investigator.

Abbkine CK8 Monoclonal Antibody staining Cytokeratin 8 in Human colon tissue by Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/ PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections). The sections were fixed in formalin and subjected to heat-mediated antigen retrieval in citrate buffer (0.1M Sodium Citrate) prior to blocking with 5% serum for 1 hour at 4°C. The primary antibody was diluted 1/200 in 5% goat serum in PBS and incubated with the sample for 12 hours at 4°C. Goat anti-mouse was used as the secondary antibody. I have to say I was lucky. This product met my demands. It deserves to recommend.

Abbkine Scientific launches new product - IFKine™ Red Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG

Wuhan, China. 430074. 8^th April 2017. The newly launched IFKine™ Red Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG, is the latest discovery by renowned science research company, Abbkine Scientific. This antibody like the others from Abbkine, are designed to be used in several antibody-based applications.

IFKine™ Red conjugated antibodies absorb light maximally around 591 nm and fluoresce with a peak around 615 nm. They are brighter, more photostable, and more hydrophilic than other red-fluorescing conjugates.  IFKine™ Red antibodies are some of the secondary antibodies of high quality sourced from animals like goat and donkey, for professional scientific research purposes.

The IFKine™ Red Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG is just one out of the series of Abbkine IFKine™ unique fluorence staining secondary antibodies that comes with features like photo stability, less nonspecific hybridization, and improved brightness.

The unique features of the product ensures that scientists get the best fluorescent performance, with its host – donkey, making it ideal for fluoresce staining, especially in fluoresce multiple labeling.

The Donkey is the host of the newly launched IFKine™ Red Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG, with rabbit being the reactivity. The antibody is to be applied in FCM, IF, and ICC, with Rabbit IgG whole molecule immunogen.

The anti-rabbit IgG comes in a liquid solution and is Affinity purified using solid phase Rabbit IgG (H&L) with finally > 95% purity based on SDS-PAGE. The product is specifically designed for research purposes, with optimal dilutions determined by the investigator after series of experiments. However, the suggested dilution for most fluorescent applications starts from 1:50 to 1:1,000.

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About Abbkine Scientific

Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd is a scientific research company founded in 2012 in the United States. Established by a team of scientists and marketing experts, the company moved its headquarters to China to meet up with the growing demand from the Asia Pacific.

The company has been able to combine cutting edge technology from United States and manufacturing engineering and cost advantages from China to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research, drug discovery, amongst others.

CD68 Monoclonal Antibody Review

The CD68 Monoclonal Antibody is an antibody belonging to the lysosomal/endosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein (LAMP) family. It is one of the newest products and discoveries from the stable of Abbkine Scientific, a leading scientific research company.

Otherwise referred to as CD68 Antibody, the CD68 also belongs to the scavenger receptor family. The features of the antibody and its unique functionalities have made it the preferred amongst scientific researchers.

CD68 Monoclonal Antibody – Unique features of the antibody

Unlike its peers, the CD68 antibody allows for easier and more effective research due to its unique attributes. Some of the attributes of the Gp110 antibody are briefly highlighted below.

• It allows for easy detection of endogenous CD68 proteins, ensuring more effective and goal-oriented scientific research works


• The CD68 belongs to the lysosomal/endosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein (LAMP) family


• The antibody is also a member of the scavenger receptor family


• The product comes in a liquid solution


• It is a Mouse IgG1 isotype


• Immunogen – synthetic peptide


• Host – mouse


• Reactivity – rat, mouse and human


• Multiple applications – IF, IHC-p


• Clonality – monoclonal


• Concentration – 1 mg/ml


• Storage buffer – PBS, pH 7.4, containing 0.02% sodium azide as Preservative and 50% Glycerol


• Purification – The antibody was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen.


• Storage instructions – Stable for one year at -20°C from date of shipment. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Users should aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing.

CD68 Monoclonal Antibody – Pros

Also referred to as Macrosialin, the antibody has been attributed to have its cons especially compared with other antibodies. Below are some of the features that stand the CD68 Monoclonal Antibody from the competition.

• It is highly expressed by human monocytes and tissue macrophages


• The antibody primarily localizes to lysosomes and endosomes with a smaller fraction circulating to the cell surface


• It is a type I integral membrane protein with a heavily glycosylated extracellular domain and binds to tissue- and organ-specific lectins or selectins


• It belongs to the scavenger receptors family making it excellent for clearing cellular debris


• It is also great for promoting phagocytosis, and mediating the recruitment and activation of macrophages


• It provides alternative splicing results in multiple transcripts encoding different isoforms


• It can be easily stored in gel pack with blue ice


• Flexibility in determining the optimal working dilutions

CD68 Monoclonal Antibody – Cons

So far, the CD68 Monoclonal Antibody has not been attributed with a particular drawback or con as long as users follow the instructions given by the maker – Abbkine Scientific.

CD68 Monoclonal Antibody – Summary

The CD68 Monoclonal Antibody is one of the most effective antibodies in the market in terms of performance and cost-effectiveness. Reviews have continued to pour in from users across the globe. The antibody is however designed for research use only. The company takes no liability for violations in the use of the products and infringements that may occur with the use of the product.

Abbkine Scientific announces the launch of Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8)

Wuhan, China. 430074. 4^th April 2017. Abbkine Scientific recently announced the launch of its cell proliferation and cell toxicity kit called the Cell Counting Kit-8, otherwise known as CCK-8. The kit is made to allow for the easy detection of cell toxicity and proliferation based on WST-8. The WST-8 approach adopted for the manufacturing of the kit gives an orange colored product due to the reduction by dehydrogenases in cells.

The formulation is in a liquid solution, with the kit containing CCK-8 solution. The CCK-8 uses highly water-soluble tetrazolium salt WST-8:[2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, monosodium salt] that changes to a water-soluble orange formazan dye by reduction.

The low toxicity of the Cell Counting Kit and the determination of the number of viable cells in cytotoxicity assays and cell proliferation due to its sensitive colorimetric assays are distinguishing features of the CCK-8.

The kit is a one-bottle ready to use solution, helping to reduce the time and stress involved in the process. Due to the water solubility of the product, no organic solvents or isotopes is required. The stability and safety of the formazan is another major benefit of the CCK-8 kit.

One of the most distinguishing factors of the kit when compared to other cell counting kit is its detection sensitivity feature that is higher than assays when other tetrazolium salts like XTT and MTT are used. The effectiveness of the kit surpasses that of its peers, with the ability to use the same cells for other cell assays thanks to the low toxicity of the Cell Counting Kit by Abbkine Scientific.

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About Abbkine Scientific

Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd is a scientific research company founded in 2012 in the United States. Established by a team of scientists and marketing experts, the company moved its headquarters to China to meet up with the growing demand from the Asia Pacific.

The company has been able to combine cutting edge technology from United States and manufacturing engineering and cost advantages from China to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research, drug discovery, amongst others.

CK7 Monoclonal Antibody Review

Keratins (cytokeratins) are intermediate filament proteins that are mainly expressed in epithelial cells. Keratin heterodimers composed of an acidic keratin (or type I keratin, keratins 9 to 23) and a basic keratin (or type II keratin, keratins 1 to 8) assemble to form filaments. Keratin isoforms demonstrate tissue- and differentiation-specific profiles that make them useful as research biomarkers . Research studies have shown that mutations in keratin genes are associated with skin disorders, liver and pancreatic diseases, and inflammatory intestinal diseases. Keratin 7 and keratin 19 are present in hepatic and pancreatic progenitor/stem cells.

Abbkine CK7 Monoclonal Antibody was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. Supplied in PBS (pH 7.4) containing 0.02% sodium azide as preservative and 50% Glycerol, the antibody detects endogenous levels of total keratin 7 protein of  Human, Mouse and Rat samples. Tested applications for this antibody are IF, IHC-p, IP and WB.

Immunofluorescence analysis of human-liver tissue. Abbkine CK7 Monoclonal Antibody was diluted at 1:200 (4°C,overnight). Dylight 549 labled goat anti-mouse was used as secondary antibody. The test result showed a positive fluorescent reaction using the antibody, which provides a basis for our later research. Apart from the antibody’s performance, their customer service was superb. This was especially appreciated.